查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务

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有许多方法和工具可以查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务。大多数管理员会在 System V(SysV)初始化系统中使用 service service-name status 或 /etc/init.d/service-name status,而在 systemd 初始化系统中使用systemctl status service-name。

以上命令可以清楚地显示该服务是否在服务器上运行,这也是每个 Linux 管理员都该知道的非常简单和基础的命令。

如果你对系统环境并不熟悉,也不清楚系统在运行哪些服务,你会如何检查?

是的,我们的确有必要这样检查一下。这将有助于我们了解系统上运行了什么服务,以及哪些是必要的、哪些需要被禁用。

init(初始化initialization的简称)是在系统启动期间运行的第一个进程。init 是一个守护进程,它将持续运行直至关机。

大多数 Linux 发行版都使用如下的初始化系统之一:

  • System V 是更老的初始化系统
  • Upstart 是一个基于事件的传统的初始化系统的替代品
  • systemd 是新的初始化系统,它已经被大多数最新的 Linux 发行版所采用

什么是 System V(SysV)

SysV(意即 System V) 初始化系统是早期传统的初始化系统和系统管理器。由于 sysVinit 系统上一些长期悬而未决的问题,大多数最新的发行版都适用于 systemd 系统。

什么是 Upstart 初始化系统

Upstart 是一个基于事件的 /sbin/init 的替代品,它控制在启动时的任务和服务的开始,在关机时停止它们,并在系统运行时监控它们。

它最初是为 Ubuntu 发行版开发的,但其是以适合所有 Linux 发行版的开发为目标的,以替换过时的 System-V 初始化系统。

什么是 systemd

systemd 是一个新的初始化系统以及系统管理器,它已成为大多数 Linux 发行版中非常流行且广泛适应的新的标准初始化系统。systemctl 是一个 systemd 管理工具,它可以帮助我们管理 systemd 系统。

方法一:如何在 System V(SysV)系统中查看运行的服务

以下命令可以帮助我们列出 System V(SysV) 系统中所有正在运行的服务。

如果服务很多,我建议使用文件查看命令,如 less、more 等,以便得到清晰的结果。

# service --status-all
or
# service --status-all | more
or
# service --status-all | less

abrt-ccpp hook is installed
abrtd (pid 2131) is running...
abrt-dump-oops is stopped
acpid (pid 1958) is running...
atd (pid 2164) is running...
auditd (pid 1731) is running...
Frequency scaling enabled using ondemand governor
crond (pid 2153) is running...
hald (pid 1967) is running...
htcacheclean is stopped
httpd is stopped
Table: filter
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
num target prot opt source destination
1 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
2 ACCEPT icmpv6 ::/0 ::/0
3 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0
4 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80
5 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21
6 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22
7 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25
8 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2082
9 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2086
10 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2083
11 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2087
12 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:10000
13 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
num target prot opt source destination
1 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
num target prot opt source destination

iptables: Firewall is not running.
irqbalance (pid 1826) is running...
Kdump is operational
lvmetad is stopped
mdmonitor is stopped
messagebus (pid 1929) is running...
 SUCCESS! MySQL running (24376)
rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found
named is stopped
netconsole module not loaded
Usage: startup.sh { start | stop }
Configured devices:
lo eth0 eth1
Currently active devices:
lo eth0
ntpd is stopped
portreserve (pid 1749) is running...
master (pid 2107) is running...
Process accounting is disabled.
quota_nld is stopped
rdisc is stopped
rngd is stopped
rpcbind (pid 1840) is running...
rsyslogd (pid 1756) is running...
sandbox is stopped
saslauthd is stopped
smartd is stopped
openssh-daemon (pid 9859) is running...
svnserve is stopped
vsftpd (pid 4008) is running...
xinetd (pid 2031) is running...
zabbix_agentd (pid 2150 2149 2148 2147 2146 2140) is running...

执行以下命令,可以只查看正在运行的服务:

# service --status-all | grep running

crond (pid 535) is running...
httpd (pid 627) is running...
mysqld (pid 911) is running...
rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found
rsyslogd (pid 449) is running...
saslauthd (pid 492) is running...
sendmail (pid 509) is running...
sm-client (pid 519) is running...
openssh-daemon (pid 478) is running...
xinetd (pid 485) is running...

运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态:

# service --status-all | grep httpd
httpd (pid 627) is running...

或者,使用以下命令也可以查看指定服务的状态:

# service httpd status
httpd (pid 627) is running...

使用以下命令查看系统启动时哪些服务会被启用:

# chkconfig --list
crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
modules_dep 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
named 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
nmb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
nscd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off
sendmail 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
smb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off
winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off

xinetd based services:
 chargen-dgram: off
 chargen-stream: off
 daytime-dgram: off
 daytime-stream: off
 discard-dgram: off
 discard-stream: off
 echo-dgram: off
 echo-stream: off
 finger: off
 ntalk: off
 rsync: off
 talk: off
 tcpmux-server: off
 time-dgram: off
 time-stream: off

方法二:如何在 System V(SysV)系统中查看运行的服务

另外一种在 Linux 系统上列出运行的服务的方法是使用 initctl 命令:

# initctl list
rc stop/waiting
tty (/dev/tty3) start/running, process 1740
tty (/dev/tty2) start/running, process 1738
tty (/dev/tty1) start/running, process 1736
tty (/dev/tty6) start/running, process 1746
tty (/dev/tty5) start/running, process 1744
tty (/dev/tty4) start/running, process 1742
plymouth-shutdown stop/waiting
control-alt-delete stop/waiting
rcS-emergency stop/waiting
readahead-collector stop/waiting
kexec-disable stop/waiting
quit-plymouth stop/waiting
rcS stop/waiting
prefdm stop/waiting
init-system-dbus stop/waiting
ck-log-system-restart stop/waiting
readahead stop/waiting
ck-log-system-start stop/waiting
splash-manager stop/waiting
start-ttys stop/waiting
readahead-disable-services stop/waiting
ck-log-system-stop stop/waiting
rcS-sulogin stop/waiting
serial stop/waiting

方法三:如何在 systemd 系统中查看运行的服务

以下命令帮助我们列出 systemd 系统中所有服务:

# systemctl

UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION 
 sys-devices-virtual-block-loop0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop0 
 sys-devices-virtual-block-loop1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop1 
 sys-devices-virtual-block-loop2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop2 
 sys-devices-virtual-block-loop3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop3 
 sys-devices-virtual-block-loop4.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop4 
 sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/misc/rfkill 
 sys-devices-virtual-tty-ttyprintk.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/tty/ttyprintk 
 sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse 
 sys-subsystem-net-devices-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter)
 -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount 
 dev-hugepages.mount loaded active mounted Huge Pages File System 
 dev-mqueue.mount loaded active mounted POSIX Message Queue File System 
 run-user-1000-gvfs.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000/gvfs 
 run-user-1000.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000 
 snap-core-3887.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core 
 snap-core-4017.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core 
 snap-core-4110.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core 
 snap-gping-13.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for gping 
 snap-termius\x2dapp-8.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for termius-app 
 sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount loaded active mounted FUSE Control File System 
 sys-kernel-debug.mount loaded active mounted Debug File System 
 acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check 
 cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler 
 systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch 
 systemd-ask-password-wall.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch 
 init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager 
 session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi 
 accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service 
 acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon 
 anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs 
 apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server 
 apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization 
 apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation 
 aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon 
 atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor 
 atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon 
 avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack 
 colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles 
 console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap 
 cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon 
 cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally 
 cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler 
 dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus 
 postfix.service loaded active exited Postfix Mail Transport Agent
  • UNIT 相应的 systemd 单元名称
  • LOAD 相应的单元是否被加载到内存中
  • ACTIVE 该单元是否处于活动状态
  • SUB 该单元是否处于运行状态(LCTT 译注:是较于 ACTIVE 更加详细的状态描述,不同的单元类型有不同的状态。)
  • DESCRIPTION 关于该单元的简短描述

以下选项可根据类型列出单元:

# systemctl list-units --type service
 UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION 
 accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service 
 acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon 
 anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs 
 apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server 
 apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization 
 apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation 
 aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon 
 atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor 
 atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon 
 avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack 
 colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles 
 console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap 
 cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon 
 cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally 
 cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler 
 dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus 
 fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon 
 getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1 
 grub-common.service loaded active exited LSB: Record successful boot for GRUB 
 irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems 
 keyboard-setup.service loaded active exited Set the console keyboard layout 
 kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required static device nodes for the current kernel

以下选项可帮助您根据状态列出单位,输出与前例类似但更直截了当:

# systemctl list-unit-files --type service

UNIT FILE STATE 
accounts-daemon.service enabled 
acpid.service disabled
alsa-restore.service static 
alsa-state.service static 
alsa-utils.service masked 
anacron-resume.service enabled 
anacron.service enabled 
apache-htcacheclean.service disabled
apache-htcacheclean@.service disabled
apache2.service enabled 
apache2@.service disabled
apparmor.service enabled 
apport-forward@.service static 
apport.service generated
apt-daily-upgrade.service static 
apt-daily.service static 
aptik-battery-monitor.service generated
atop.service enabled 
atopacct.service enabled 
autovt@.service enabled 
avahi-daemon.service enabled 
bluetooth.service enabled

运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态:

# systemctl | grep apache2
  apache2.service                                                                          loaded active running   The Apache HTTP Server

或者,使用以下命令也可查看指定服务的状态:

# systemctl status apache2
● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
 Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
 Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d
 └─apache2-systemd.conf
 Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-03-06 12:34:09 IST; 8min ago
 Process: 2786 ExecReload=/usr/sbin/apachectl graceful (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 1171 (apache2)
 Tasks: 55 (limit: 4915)
 CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service
 ├─1171 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
 ├─2790 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
 └─2791 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start

Mar 06 12:34:08 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[1089]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.0.2.15. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppre
Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloading The Apache HTTP Server.
Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[2786]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::7929:4ed1:279f:4d65. Set the 'ServerName' directive gl
Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloaded The Apache HTTP Server.

执行以下命令,只查看正在运行的服务:

# systemctl | grep running
 acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check 
 cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler 
 init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager 
 session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi 
 accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service 
 acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon 
 apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server 
 aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon 
 atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor 
 atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon 
 avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack 
 colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles 
 cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon 
 cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally 
 cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler 
 dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus 
 fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon 
 getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1 
 irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems 
 lightdm.service loaded active running Light Display Manager 
 ModemManager.service loaded active running Modem Manager 
 NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager 
 polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager

使用以下命令查看系统启动时会被启用的服务列表:

# systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled
acpid.path enabled 
cups.path enabled 
accounts-daemon.service enabled 
anacron-resume.service enabled 
anacron.service enabled 
apache2.service enabled 
apparmor.service enabled 
atop.service enabled 
atopacct.service enabled 
autovt@.service enabled 
avahi-daemon.service enabled 
bluetooth.service enabled 
console-setup.service enabled 
cron.service enabled 
cups-browsed.service enabled 
cups.service enabled 
display-manager.service enabled 
dns-clean.service enabled 
friendly-recovery.service enabled 
getty@.service enabled 
gpu-manager.service enabled 
keyboard-setup.service enabled 
lightdm.service enabled 
ModemManager.service enabled 
network-manager.service enabled 
networking.service enabled 
NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled 
NetworkManager-wait-online.service enabled 
NetworkManager.service enabled

systemd-cgtop 按资源使用情况(任务、CPU、内存、输入和输出)列出控制组:

# systemd-cgtop

Control Group Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s
/ - - 1.5G - -
/init.scope 1 - - - -
/system.slice 153 - - - -
/system.slice/ModemManager.service 3 - - - -
/system.slice/NetworkManager.service 4 - - - -
/system.slice/accounts-daemon.service 3 - - - -
/system.slice/acpid.service 1 - - - -
/system.slice/apache2.service 55 - - - -
/system.slice/aptik-battery-monitor.service 1 - - - -
/system.slice/atop.service 1 - - - -
/system.slice/atopacct.service 1 - - - -
/system.slice/avahi-daemon.service 2 - - - -
/system.slice/colord.service 3 - - - -
/system.slice/cron.service 1 - - - -
/system.slice/cups-browsed.service 3 - - - -
/system.slice/cups.service 2 - - - -
/system.slice/dbus.service 6 - - - -
/system.slice/fwupd.service 5 - - - -
/system.slice/irqbalance.service 1 - - - -
/system.slice/lightdm.service 7 - - - -
/system.slice/polkit.service 3 - - - -
/system.slice/repowerd.service 14 - - - -
/system.slice/rsyslog.service 4 - - - -
/system.slice/rtkit-daemon.service 3 - - - -
/system.slice/snapd.service 8 - - - -
/system.slice/system-getty.slice 1 - - - -

同时,我们可以使用 pstree 命令(输出来自 SysVinit 系统)查看正在运行的服务:

# pstree
init-+-crond
 |-httpd---2*[httpd]
 |-kthreadd/99149---khelper/99149
 |-2*[mingetty]
 |-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}]
 |-rsyslogd---3*[{rsyslogd}]
 |-saslauthd---saslauthd
 |-2*[sendmail]
 |-sshd---sshd---bash---pstree
 |-udevd
 `-xinetd

我们还可以使用 pstree 命令(输出来自 systemd 系统)查看正在运行的服务:

# pstree
systemd─┬─ModemManager─┬─{gdbus}
 │ └─{gmain}
 ├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient
 │ ├─{gdbus}
 │ └─{gmain}
 ├─accounts-daemon─┬─{gdbus}
 │ └─{gmain}
 ├─acpid
 ├─agetty
 ├─anacron
 ├─apache2───2*[apache2───26*[{apache2}]]
 ├─aptd───{gmain}
 ├─aptik-battery-m
 ├─atop
 ├─atopacctd
 ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon
 ├─colord─┬─{gdbus}
 │ └─{gmain}
 ├─cron
 ├─cups-browsed─┬─{gdbus}
 │ └─{gmain}
 ├─cupsd
 ├─dbus-daemon
 ├─fwupd─┬─{GUsbEventThread}
 │ ├─{fwupd}
 │ ├─{gdbus}
 │ └─{gmain}
 ├─gnome-keyring-d─┬─{gdbus}
 │ ├─{gmain}
 │ └─{timer}

方法四:如何使用 chkservice 在 systemd 系统中查看正在运行的服务

chkservice 是一个管理系统单元的终端工具,需要超级用户权限。

  1. # chkservice

查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务

要查看帮助页面,请按下 ? ,它将显示管理 systemd 服务的可用选项。

查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务

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