MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual

Abstract

This is the MySQL™ Reference Manual. It documents MySQL 5.7 through 5.7.5.

MySQL Cluster is currently not supported in MySQL 5.7. For information about MySQL Cluster, please see MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3.

MySQL 5.7 features.  This manual describes features that are not included in every edition of MySQL 5.7; such features may not be included in the edition of MySQL 5.7 licensed to you. If you have any questions about the features included in your edition of MySQL 5.7, refer to your MySQL 5.7 license agreement or contact your Oracle sales representative.

For release notes detailing the changes in each release, see the MySQL 5.7 Release Notes.

For legal information, see the Legal Notices.

Document generated on: 2014-05-14 (revision: 38709)


Table of Contents

Preface and Legal Notices
1 General Information
1.1 About This Manual
1.2 Typographical and Syntax Conventions
1.3 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
1.3.1 What is MySQL?
1.3.2 The Main Features of MySQL
1.3.3 History of MySQL
1.4 What Is New in MySQL 5.7
1.5 MySQL Development History
1.6 MySQL Information Sources
1.6.1 MySQL Mailing Lists
1.6.2 MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums
1.6.3 MySQL Community Support on Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
1.6.4 MySQL Enterprise
1.7 How to Report Bugs or Problems
1.8 MySQL Standards Compliance
1.8.1 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
1.8.2 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
1.8.3 How MySQL Deals with Constraints
1.9 Credits
1.9.1 Contributors to MySQL
1.9.2 Documenters and translators
1.9.3 Packages that support MySQL
1.9.4 Tools that were used to create MySQL
1.9.5 Supporters of MySQL
2 Installing and Upgrading MySQL
2.1 General Installation Guidance
2.1.1 Operating Systems Supported by MySQL Community Server
2.1.2 Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install
2.1.3 How to Get MySQL
2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
2.1.5 Installation Layouts
2.1.6 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics
2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries
2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
2.3.1 MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows
2.3.2 Choosing An Installation Package
2.3.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer
2.3.4 MySQL Notifier for Microsoft Windows
2.3.5 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip Archive
2.3.6 Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation
2.3.7 Upgrading MySQL on Windows
2.3.8 Windows Postinstallation Procedures
2.4 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X
2.4.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on Mac OS X
2.4.2 Installing MySQL on Mac OS X Using Native Packages
2.4.3 Installing the MySQL Startup Item
2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane
2.4.5 Using the Bundled MySQL on Mac OS X Server
2.5 Installing MySQL on Linux
2.5.1 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository
2.5.2 Replacing a Third-Party Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL Yum Repository
2.5.3 Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages
2.5.4 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages
2.5.5 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Native Package Managers
2.6 Installing MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris
2.6.1 Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG
2.6.2 Installing MySQL on OpenSolaris Using IPS
2.7 Installing MySQL on FreeBSD
2.8 Installing MySQL from Source
2.8.1 MySQL Layout for Source Installation
2.8.2 Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution
2.8.3 Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree
2.8.4 MySQL Source-Configuration Options
2.8.5 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
2.8.6 MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools
2.9 Postinstallation Setup and Testing
2.9.1 Postinstallation Procedures for Unix-like Systems
2.9.2 Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts
2.10 Upgrading or Downgrading MySQL
2.10.1 Upgrading MySQL
2.10.2 Downgrading MySQL
2.10.3 Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt
2.10.4 Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes
2.10.5 Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine
2.11 Environment Variables
2.12 Perl Installation Notes
2.12.1 Installing Perl on Unix
2.12.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
2.12.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
3 Tutorial
3.1 Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server
3.2 Entering Queries
3.3 Creating and Using a Database
3.3.1 Creating and Selecting a Database
3.3.2 Creating a Table
3.3.3 Loading Data into a Table
3.3.4 Retrieving Information from a Table
3.4 Getting Information About Databases and Tables
3.5 Using mysql in Batch Mode
3.6 Examples of Common Queries
3.6.1 The Maximum Value for a Column
3.6.2 The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column
3.6.3 Maximum of Column per Group
3.6.4 The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column
3.6.5 Using User-Defined Variables
3.6.6 Using Foreign Keys
3.6.7 Searching on Two Keys
3.6.8 Calculating Visits Per Day
3.6.9 Using AUTO_INCREMENT
3.7 Using MySQL with Apache
4 MySQL Programs
4.1 Overview of MySQL Programs
4.2 Using MySQL Programs
4.2.1 Invoking MySQL Programs
4.2.2 Connecting to the MySQL Server
4.2.3 Specifying Program Options
4.2.4 Setting Environment Variables
4.3 MySQL Server and Server-Startup Programs
4.3.1 mysqld — The MySQL Server
4.3.2 mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script
4.3.3 mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script
4.3.4 mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers
4.4 MySQL Installation-Related Programs
4.4.1 comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File
4.4.2 mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory
4.4.3 mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins
4.4.4 mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security
4.4.5 mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables
4.4.6 mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables
4.5 MySQL Client Programs
4.5.1 mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool
4.5.2 mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server
4.5.3 mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program
4.5.4 mysqldump — A Database Backup Program
4.5.5 mysqlimport — A Data Import Program
4.5.6 mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information
4.5.7 mysqlslap — Load Emulation Client
4.6 MySQL Administrative and Utility Programs
4.6.1 innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility
4.6.2 myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information
4.6.3 myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility
4.6.4 myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents
4.6.5 myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables
4.6.6 mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility
4.6.7 mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files
4.6.8 mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files
4.6.9 mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program
4.7 MySQL Program Development Utilities
4.7.1 mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients
4.7.2 my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files
4.7.3 resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols
4.8 Miscellaneous Programs
4.8.1 perror — Explain Error Codes
4.8.2 replace — A String-Replacement Utility
4.8.3 resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or Vice Versa
5 MySQL Server Administration
5.1 The MySQL Server
5.1.1 Server Option and Variable Reference
5.1.2 Server Configuration Defaults
5.1.3 Server Command Options
5.1.4 Server System Variables
5.1.5 Using System Variables
5.1.6 Server Status Variables
5.1.7 Server SQL Modes
5.1.8 Server Plugins
5.1.9 IPv6 Support
5.1.10 Server-Side Help
5.1.11 Server Response to Signals
5.1.12 The Shutdown Process
5.2 MySQL Server Logs
5.2.1 Selecting General Query and Slow Query Log Output Destinations
5.2.2 The Error Log
5.2.3 The General Query Log
5.2.4 The Binary Log
5.2.5 The Slow Query Log
5.2.6 Server Log Maintenance
5.3 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine
5.3.1 Setting Up Multiple Data Directories
5.3.2 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows
5.3.3 Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix
5.3.4 Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment
5.4 Tracing mysqld Using DTrace
5.4.1 mysqld DTrace Probe Reference
6 Security
6.1 General Security Issues
6.1.1 Security Guidelines
6.1.2 Keeping Passwords Secure
6.1.3 Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers
6.1.4 Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables
6.1.5 How to Run MySQL as a Normal User
6.1.6 Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL
6.1.7 Client Programming Security Guidelines
6.2 The MySQL Access Privilege System
6.2.1 Privileges Provided by MySQL
6.2.2 Privilege System Grant Tables
6.2.3 Specifying Account Names
6.2.4 Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification
6.2.5 Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification
6.2.6 When Privilege Changes Take Effect
6.2.7 Causes of Access-Denied Errors
6.3 MySQL User Account Management
6.3.1 User Names and Passwords
6.3.2 Adding User Accounts
6.3.3 Removing User Accounts
6.3.4 Setting Account Resource Limits
6.3.5 Assigning Account Passwords
6.3.6 Password Expiration Policy
6.3.7 Password Expiration and Sandbox Mode
6.3.8 Pluggable Authentication
6.3.9 Authentication Plugins Available in MySQL
6.3.10 Proxy Users
6.3.11 Using SSL for Secure Connections
6.3.12 Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH
6.3.13 MySQL Enterprise Audit Log Plugin
6.3.14 SQL-Based MySQL Account Activity Auditing
7 Backup and Recovery
7.1 Backup and Recovery Types
7.2 Database Backup Methods
7.3 Example Backup and Recovery Strategy
7.3.1 Establishing a Backup Policy
7.3.2 Using Backups for Recovery
7.3.3 Backup Strategy Summary
7.4 Using mysqldump for Backups
7.4.1 Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump
7.4.2 Reloading SQL-Format Backups
7.4.3 Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump
7.4.4 Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups
7.4.5 mysqldump Tips
7.5 Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log
7.5.1 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Times
7.5.2 Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions
7.6 MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery
7.6.1 Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery
7.6.2 How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors
7.6.3 How to Repair MyISAM Tables
7.6.4 MyISAM Table Optimization
7.6.5 Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule
8 Optimization
8.1 Optimization Overview
8.2 Optimizing SQL Statements
8.2.1 Optimizing SELECT Statements
8.2.2 Optimizing DML Statements
8.2.3 Optimizing Database Privileges
8.2.4 Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries
8.2.5 Other Optimization Tips
8.3 Optimization and Indexes
8.3.1 How MySQL Uses Indexes
8.3.2 Using Primary Keys
8.3.3 Using Foreign Keys
8.3.4 Column Indexes
8.3.5 Multiple-Column Indexes
8.3.6 Verifying Index Usage
8.3.7 InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection
8.3.8 Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes
8.4 Optimizing Database Structure
8.4.1 Optimizing Data Size
8.4.2 Optimizing MySQL Data Types
8.4.3 Optimizing for Many Tables
8.4.4 How MySQL Uses Internal Temporary Tables
8.5 Optimizing for InnoDB Tables
8.5.1 Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables
8.5.2 Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management
8.5.3 Optimizing InnoDB Logging
8.5.4 Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables
8.5.5 Optimizing InnoDB Queries
8.5.6 Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations
8.5.7 Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O
8.5.8 Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables
8.5.9 Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables
8.6 Optimizing for MyISAM Tables
8.6.1 Optimizing MyISAM Queries
8.6.2 Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables
8.6.3 Speed of REPAIR TABLE Statements
8.7 Optimizing for MEMORY Tables
8.8 Understanding the Query Execution Plan
8.8.1 Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN
8.8.2 EXPLAIN Output Format
8.8.3 Obtaining Execution Plan Information for a Named Connection
8.8.4 EXPLAIN EXTENDED Output Format
8.8.5 Estimating Query Performance
8.8.6 Controlling the Query Optimizer
8.9 Buffering and Caching
8.9.1 The InnoDB Buffer Pool
8.9.2 The MyISAM Key Cache
8.9.3 The MySQL Query Cache
8.9.4 Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs
8.10 Optimizing Locking Operations
8.10.1 Internal Locking Methods
8.10.2 Table Locking Issues
8.10.3 Concurrent Inserts
8.10.4 Metadata Locking
8.10.5 External Locking
8.11 Optimizing the MySQL Server
8.11.1 System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning
8.11.2 Tuning Server Parameters
8.11.3 Optimizing Disk I/O
8.11.4 Optimizing Memory Use
8.11.5 Optimizing Network Use
8.12 Measuring Performance (Benchmarking)
8.12.1 Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions
8.12.2 The MySQL Benchmark Suite
8.12.3 Using Your Own Benchmarks
8.12.4 Measuring Performance with performance_schema
8.12.5 Examining Thread Information
9 Language Structure
9.1 Literal Values
9.1.1 String Literals
9.1.2 Number Literals
9.1.3 Date and Time Literals
9.1.4 Hexadecimal Literals
9.1.5 Boolean Literals
9.1.6 Bit-Field Literals
9.1.7 NULL Values
9.2 Schema Object Names
9.2.1 Identifier Qualifiers
9.2.2 Identifier Case Sensitivity
9.2.3 Mapping of Identifiers to File Names
9.2.4 Function Name Parsing and Resolution
9.3 Reserved Words
9.4 User-Defined Variables
9.5 Expression Syntax
9.6 Comment Syntax
10 Globalization
10.1 Character Set Support
10.1.1 Character Sets and Collations in General
10.1.2 Character Sets and Collations in MySQL
10.1.3 Specifying Character Sets and Collations
10.1.4 Connection Character Sets and Collations
10.1.5 Configuring the Character Set and Collation for Applications
10.1.6 Character Set for Error Messages
10.1.7 Collation Issues
10.1.8 String Repertoire
10.1.9 Operations Affected by Character Set Support
10.1.10 Unicode Support
10.1.11 Upgrading from Previous to Current Unicode Support
10.1.12 UTF-8 for Metadata
10.1.13 Column Character Set Conversion
10.1.14 Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports
10.2 Setting the Error Message Language
10.3 Adding a Character Set
10.3.1 Character Definition Arrays
10.3.2 String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets
10.3.3 Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets
10.4 Adding a Collation to a Character Set
10.4.1 Collation Implementation Types
10.4.2 Choosing a Collation ID
10.4.3 Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set
10.4.4 Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set
10.5 Character Set Configuration
10.6 MySQL Server Time Zone Support
10.6.1 Staying Current with Time Zone Changes
10.6.2 Time Zone Leap Second Support
10.7 MySQL Server Locale Support
11 Data Types
11.1 Data Type Overview
11.1.1 Numeric Type Overview
11.1.2 Date and Time Type Overview
11.1.3 String Type Overview
11.2 Numeric Types
11.2.1 Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT
11.2.2 Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC
11.2.3 Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE
11.2.4 Bit-Value Type - BIT
11.2.5 Numeric Type Attributes
11.2.6 Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling
11.3 Date and Time Types
11.3.1 The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types
11.3.2 The TIME Type
11.3.3 The YEAR Type
11.3.4 YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to YEAR(4)
11.3.5 Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME
11.3.6 Fractional Seconds in Time Values
11.3.7 Conversion Between Date and Time Types
11.3.8 Two-Digit Years in Dates
11.4 String Types
11.4.1 The CHAR and VARCHAR Types
11.4.2 The BINARY and VARBINARY Types
11.4.3 The BLOB and TEXT Types
11.4.4 The ENUM Type
11.4.5 The SET Type
11.5 Data Type Default Values
11.6 Data Type Storage Requirements
11.7 Choosing the Right Type for a Column
11.8 Using Data Types from Other Database Engines
12 Functions and Operators
12.1 Function and Operator Reference
12.2 Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation
12.3 Operators
12.3.1 Operator Precedence
12.3.2 Comparison Functions and Operators
12.3.3 Logical Operators
12.3.4 Assignment Operators
12.4 Control Flow Functions
12.5 String Functions
12.5.1 String Comparison Functions
12.5.2 Regular Expressions
12.6 Numeric Functions and Operators
12.6.1 Arithmetic Operators
12.6.2 Mathematical Functions
12.7 Date and Time Functions
12.8 What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?
12.9 Full-Text Search Functions
12.9.1 Natural Language Full-Text Searches
12.9.2 Boolean Full-Text Searches
12.9.3 Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion
12.9.4 Full-Text Stopwords
12.9.5 Full-Text Restrictions
12.9.6 Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search
12.9.7 Adding a Collation for Full-Text Indexing
12.10 Cast Functions and Operators
12.11 XML Functions
12.12 Bit Functions
12.13 Encryption and Compression Functions
12.14 Information Functions
12.15 Functions Used with Global Transaction IDs
12.16 Miscellaneous Functions
12.17 Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses
12.17.1 GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions
12.17.2 GROUP BY Modifiers
12.17.3 MySQL Extensions to GROUP BY
12.18 Spatial Extensions
12.18.1 Introduction to MySQL Spatial Support
12.18.2 The OpenGIS Geometry Model
12.18.3 Supported Spatial Data Formats
12.18.4 Spatial Function Reference
12.18.5 Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database
12.18.6 Spatial Analysis Functions
12.18.7 Optimizing Spatial Analysis
12.18.8 MySQL Conformance and Compatibility
12.19 Precision Math
12.19.1 Types of Numeric Values
12.19.2 DECIMAL Data Type Characteristics
12.19.3 Expression Handling
12.19.4 Rounding Behavior
12.19.5 Precision Math Examples
13 SQL Statement Syntax
13.1 Data Definition Statements
13.1.1 ALTER DATABASE Syntax
13.1.2 ALTER EVENT Syntax
13.1.3 ALTER FUNCTION Syntax
13.1.4 ALTER PROCEDURE Syntax
13.1.5 ALTER SERVER Syntax
13.1.6 ALTER TABLE Syntax
13.1.7 ALTER VIEW Syntax
13.1.8 CREATE DATABASE Syntax
13.1.9 CREATE EVENT Syntax
13.1.10 CREATE FUNCTION Syntax
13.1.11 CREATE INDEX Syntax
13.1.12 CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax
13.1.13 CREATE SERVER Syntax
13.1.14 CREATE TABLE Syntax
13.1.15 CREATE TRIGGER Syntax
13.1.16 CREATE VIEW Syntax
13.1.17 DROP DATABASE Syntax
13.1.18 DROP EVENT Syntax
13.1.19 DROP FUNCTION Syntax
13.1.20 DROP INDEX Syntax
13.1.21 DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Syntax
13.1.22 DROP SERVER Syntax
13.1.23 DROP TABLE Syntax
13.1.24 DROP TRIGGER Syntax
13.1.25 DROP VIEW Syntax
13.1.26 RENAME TABLE Syntax
13.1.27 TRUNCATE TABLE Syntax
13.2 Data Manipulation Statements
13.2.1 CALL Syntax
13.2.2 DELETE Syntax
13.2.3 DO Syntax
13.2.4 HANDLER Syntax
13.2.5 INSERT Syntax
13.2.6 LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax
13.2.7 LOAD XML Syntax
13.2.8 REPLACE Syntax
13.2.9 SELECT Syntax
13.2.10 Subquery Syntax
13.2.11 UPDATE Syntax
13.3 MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements
13.3.1 START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax
13.3.2 Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back
13.3.3 Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit
13.3.4 SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Syntax
13.3.5 LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax
13.3.6 SET TRANSACTION Syntax
13.3.7 XA Transactions
13.4 Replication Statements
13.4.1 SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers
13.4.2 SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers
13.5 SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements
13.5.1 PREPARE Syntax
13.5.2 EXECUTE Syntax
13.5.3 DEALLOCATE PREPARE Syntax
13.6 MySQL Compound-Statement Syntax
13.6.1 BEGIN ... END Compound-Statement Syntax
13.6.2 Statement Label Syntax
13.6.3 DECLARE Syntax
13.6.4 Variables in Stored Programs
13.6.5 Flow Control Statements
13.6.6 Cursors
13.6.7 Condition Handling
13.7 Database Administration Statements
13.7.1 Account Management Statements
13.7.2 Table Maintenance Statements
13.7.3 Plugin and User-Defined Function Statements
13.7.4 SET Syntax
13.7.5 SHOW Syntax
13.7.6 Other Administrative Statements
13.8 MySQL Utility Statements
13.8.1 DESCRIBE Syntax
13.8.2 EXPLAIN Syntax
13.8.3 HELP Syntax
13.8.4 USE Syntax
14 The InnoDB Storage Engine
14.1 Introduction to InnoDB
14.1.1 InnoDB as the Default MySQL Storage Engine
14.1.2 Checking InnoDB Availability
14.1.3 Turning Off InnoDB
14.2 InnoDB Concepts and Architecture
14.2.1 MySQL and the ACID Model
14.2.2 The InnoDB Transaction Model and Locking
14.2.3 InnoDB Lock Modes
14.2.4 Consistent Nonlocking Reads
14.2.5 Locking Reads (SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE)
14.2.6 InnoDB Record, Gap, and Next-Key Locks
14.2.7 Avoiding the Phantom Problem Using Next-Key Locking
14.2.8 Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB
14.2.9 Implicit Transaction Commit and Rollback
14.2.10 Deadlock Detection and Rollback
14.2.11 How to Cope with Deadlocks
14.2.12 InnoDB Multi-Versioning
14.2.13 InnoDB Temporary Table Undo Logs
14.2.14 InnoDB Table and Index Structures
14.3 InnoDB Configuration
14.3.1 Configuring InnoDB for Read-Only Operation
14.4 InnoDB Administration
14.5 InnoDB Tablespace Management
14.5.1 Creating the InnoDB Tablespace
14.5.2 InnoDB File-Per-Table Mode
14.5.3 Enabling and Disabling File-Per-Table Mode
14.5.4 Specifying the Location of a Tablespace
14.5.5 Copying Tablespaces to Another Server (Transportable Tablespaces)
14.5.6 Moving the Undo Log out of the System Tablespace
14.5.7 Changing the Number or Size of InnoDB Log Files and Resizing the InnoDB Tablespace
14.5.8 Using Raw Disk Partitions for the Shared Tablespace
14.6 InnoDB Table Management
14.6.1 Creating InnoDB Tables
14.6.2 Moving or Copying InnoDB Tables to Another Machine
14.6.3 Grouping DML Operations with Transactions
14.6.4 Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB
14.6.5 AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB
14.6.6 InnoDB and FOREIGN KEY Constraints
14.6.7 Limits on InnoDB Tables
14.7 InnoDB Compressed Tables
14.7.1 Overview of Table Compression
14.7.2 Enabling Compression for a Table
14.7.3 Tuning Compression for InnoDB Tables
14.7.4 Monitoring Compression at Runtime
14.7.5 How Compression Works for InnoDB Tables
14.7.6 Compression for OLTP Workloads
14.7.7 SQL Compression Syntax Warnings and Errors
14.8 InnoDB File-Format Management
14.8.1 Enabling File Formats
14.8.2 Verifying File Format Compatibility
14.8.3 Identifying the File Format in Use
14.8.4 Downgrading the File Format
14.8.5 Future InnoDB File Formats
14.9 InnoDB Row Storage and Row Formats
14.9.1 Overview of InnoDB Row Storage
14.9.2 Specifying the Row Format for a Table
14.9.3 DYNAMIC and COMPRESSED Row Formats
14.9.4 COMPACT and REDUNDANT Row Formats
14.10 InnoDB Disk I/O and File Space Management
14.10.1 InnoDB Disk I/O
14.10.2 File Space Management
14.10.3 InnoDB Checkpoints
14.10.4 Defragmenting a Table
14.10.5 Reclaiming Disk Space with TRUNCATE TABLE
14.11 InnoDB and Online DDL
14.11.1 Overview of Online DDL
14.11.2 Performance and Concurrency Considerations for Online DDL
14.11.3 SQL Syntax for Online DDL
14.11.4 Combining or Separating DDL Statements
14.11.5 Examples of Online DDL
14.11.6 Implementation Details of Online DDL
14.11.7 How Crash Recovery Works with Online DDL
14.11.8 Online DDL for Partitioned InnoDB Tables
14.11.9 Limitations of Online DDL
14.12 InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables
14.12.1 Changes to InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables
14.13 InnoDB Performance
14.13.1 Tuning InnoDB Buffer Pool Flushing
14.13.2 InnoDB Mutex and Read/Write Lock Implementation
14.13.3 Configuring the Memory Allocator for InnoDB
14.13.4 Configuring InnoDB Change Buffering
14.13.5 Controlling Adaptive Hash Indexing
14.13.6 Configuring Thread Concurrency for InnoDB
14.13.7 Configuring InnoDB Buffer Pool Prefetching (Read-Ahead)
14.13.8 Configuring the Number of Background InnoDB I/O Threads
14.13.9 Asynchronous I/O on Linux
14.13.10 Group Commit
14.13.11 Configuring the InnoDB Master Thread I/O Rate
14.13.12 Configuring the Rate of InnoDB Buffer Pool Flushing
14.13.13 Using the PAUSE Instruction in InnoDB Spin Loops
14.13.14 Configuring Spin Lock Polling
14.13.15 Making the Buffer Pool Scan Resistant
14.13.16 Improvements to Crash Recovery Performance
14.13.17 InnoDB Integration with MySQL Performance Schema
14.13.18 Using Multiple Buffer Pools Instances
14.13.19 Better Scalability with Multiple Rollback Segments
14.13.20 Configuring InnoDB Purge Scheduling
14.13.21 Improved Log Sys Mutex
14.13.22 Separate Flush List Mutex
14.13.23 Configuring Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters
14.13.24 Configuring Non-Persistent Optimizer Statistics Parameters
14.13.25 Estimating ANALYZE TABLE Complexity for InnoDB Tables
14.13.26 Optimizing InnoDB Read-Only Transactions
14.13.27 Using the CRC32 Checksum Algorithm for Faster Checksums
14.13.28 Storing InnoDB Undo Logs in Separate Tablespaces
14.13.29 Preloading the InnoDB Buffer Pool for Faster Restart
14.14 InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
14.14.1 Information Schema Tables about Compression
14.14.2 Information Schema Tables about Transactions
14.14.3 Information Schema Tables about Full-Text Search
14.14.4 Special Locking Considerations for InnoDB INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
14.15 InnoDB Monitors
14.15.1 InnoDB Monitor Types
14.15.2 Enabling InnoDB Monitors
14.15.3 InnoDB Standard Monitor and Lock Monitor Output
14.15.4 InnoDB Tablespace Monitor Output
14.15.5 InnoDB Table Monitor Output
14.16 InnoDB Backup and Recovery
14.16.1 The InnoDB Recovery Process
14.17 InnoDB and MySQL Replication
14.18 InnoDB Integration with memcached
14.18.1 Benefits of the InnoDB / memcached Combination
14.18.2 Architecture of InnoDB and memcached Integration
14.18.3 Getting Started with InnoDB Memcached Plugin
14.18.4 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin
14.18.5 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Interface
14.18.6 Using the InnoDB memcached Plugin with Replication
14.18.7 Internals of the InnoDB memcached Plugin
14.18.8 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin
14.19 InnoDB Troubleshooting
14.19.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems
14.19.2 Starting InnoDB on a Corrupted Database
14.19.3 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations
14.19.4 InnoDB Error Handling
14.19.5 InnoDB Error Codes
14.19.6 Operating System Error Codes
15 Alternative Storage Engines
15.1 Setting the Storage Engine
15.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine
15.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options
15.2.2 Space Needed for Keys
15.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats
15.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems
15.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine
15.4 The CSV Storage Engine
15.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables
15.4.2 CSV Limitations
15.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine
15.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine
15.7 The MERGE Storage Engine
15.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages
15.7.2 MERGE Table Problems
15.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine
15.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview
15.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables
15.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips
15.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources
15.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine
15.10 Other Storage Engines
15.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture
15.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture
15.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer
16 High Availability and Scalability
16.1 Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition
16.2 Overview of MySQL with DRBD/Pacemaker/Corosync/Oracle Linux
16.3 Overview of MySQL with Windows Failover Clustering
16.4 Using MySQL within an Amazon EC2 Instance
16.4.1 Setting Up MySQL on an EC2 AMI
16.4.2 EC2 Instance Limitations
16.4.3 Deploying a MySQL Database Using EC2
16.5 Using ZFS Replication
16.5.1 Using ZFS for File System Replication
16.5.2 Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication
16.5.3 Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS
16.6 Using MySQL with memcached
16.6.1 Installing memcached
16.6.2 Using memcached
16.6.3 Developing a memcached Application
16.6.4 Getting memcached Statistics
16.6.5 memcached FAQ
16.7 MySQL Proxy
16.7.1 MySQL Proxy Supported Platforms
16.7.2 Installing MySQL Proxy
16.7.3 MySQL Proxy Command Options
16.7.4 MySQL Proxy Scripting
16.7.5 Using MySQL Proxy
16.7.6 MySQL Proxy FAQ
17 Replication
17.1 Replication Configuration
17.1.1 How to Set Up Replication
17.1.2 Replication Formats
17.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers
17.1.4 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables
17.1.5 Common Replication Administration Tasks
17.2 Replication Implementation
17.2.1 Replication Implementation Details
17.2.2 Replication Relay and Status Logs
17.2.3 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules
17.3 Replication Solutions
17.3.1 Using Replication for Backups
17.3.2 Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines
17.3.3 Using Replication for Scale-Out
17.3.4 Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves
17.3.5 Improving Replication Performance
17.3.6 Switching Masters During Failover
17.3.7 Setting Up Replication Using SSL
17.3.8 Semisynchronous Replication
17.3.9 Delayed Replication
17.4 Replication Notes and Tips
17.4.1 Replication Features and Issues
17.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions
17.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Setup
17.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication
17.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems
18 Partitioning
18.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL
18.2 Partitioning Types
18.2.1 RANGE Partitioning
18.2.2 LIST Partitioning
18.2.3 COLUMNS Partitioning
18.2.4 HASH Partitioning
18.2.5 KEY Partitioning
18.2.6 Subpartitioning
18.2.7 How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL
18.3 Partition Management
18.3.1 Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions
18.3.2 Management of HASH and KEY Partitions
18.3.3 Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables
18.3.4 Maintenance of Partitions
18.3.5 Obtaining Information About Partitions
18.4 Partition Pruning
18.5 Partition Selection
18.6 Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning
18.6.1 Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys
18.6.2 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines
18.6.3 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions
18.6.4 Partitioning and Locking
19 Stored Programs and Views
19.1 Defining Stored Programs
19.2 Using Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions)
19.2.1 Stored Routine Syntax
19.2.2 Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges
19.2.3 Stored Routine Metadata
19.2.4 Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()
19.3 Using Triggers
19.3.1 Trigger Syntax and Examples
19.3.2 Trigger Metadata
19.4 Using the Event Scheduler
19.4.1 Event Scheduler Overview
19.4.2 Event Scheduler Configuration
19.4.3 Event Syntax
19.4.4 Event Metadata
19.4.5 Event Scheduler Status
19.4.6 The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges
19.5 Using Views
19.5.1 View Syntax
19.5.2 View Processing Algorithms
19.5.3 Updatable and Insertable Views
19.5.4 View Metadata
19.6 Access Control for Stored Programs and Views
19.7 Binary Logging of Stored Programs
20 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
20.1 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table
20.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table
20.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
20.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table
20.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
20.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table
20.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table
20.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table
20.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
20.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
20.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
20.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table
20.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table
20.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table
20.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table
20.16 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table
20.17 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table
20.18 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
20.19 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table
20.20 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table
20.21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
20.22 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table
20.23 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table
20.24 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table
20.25 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
20.26 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
20.27 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table
20.28 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table
20.29 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table
20.30 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for InnoDB
20.30.1 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables
20.30.2 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables
20.30.3 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables
20.30.4 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TRX Table
20.30.5 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCKS Table
20.30.6 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table
20.30.7 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table
20.30.8 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table
20.30.9 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table
20.30.10 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table
20.30.11 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table
20.30.12 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table
20.30.13 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS View
20.30.14 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table
20.30.15 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table
20.30.16 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table
20.30.17 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table
20.30.18 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table
20.30.19 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_METRICS Table
20.30.20 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table
20.30.21 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table
20.30.22 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table
20.30.23 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table
20.30.24 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DELETED Table
20.30.25 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table
20.30.26 The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO Table
20.31 Extensions to SHOW Statements
21 MySQL Performance Schema
21.1 Performance Schema Quick Start
21.2 Performance Schema Configuration
21.2.1 Performance Schema Build Configuration
21.2.2 Performance Schema Startup Configuration
21.2.3 Performance Schema Runtime Configuration
21.3 Performance Schema Queries
21.4 Performance Schema Instrument Naming Conventions
21.5 Performance Schema Status Monitoring
21.6 Performance Schema Atom and Molecule Events
21.7 Performance Schema Statement Digests
21.8 Performance Schema General Table Characteristics
21.9 Performance Schema Table Descriptions
21.9.1 Performance Schema Table Index
21.9.2 Performance Schema Setup Tables
21.9.3 Performance Schema Instance Tables
21.9.4 Performance Schema Wait Event Tables
21.9.5 Performance Schema Stage Event Tables
21.9.6 Performance Schema Statement Event Tables
21.9.7 Performance Schema Transaction Tables
21.9.8 Performance Schema Connection Tables
21.9.9 Performance Schema Connection Attribute Tables
21.9.10 Performance Schema Replication Tables
21.9.11 Performance Schema Lock Tables
21.9.12 Performance Schema Summary Tables
21.9.13 Performance Schema Miscellaneous Tables
21.10 Performance Schema Option and Variable Reference
21.11 Performance Schema Command Options
21.12 Performance Schema System Variables
21.13 Performance Schema Status Variables
21.14 Performance Schema and Plugins
21.15 Using the Performance Schema to Diagnose Problems
22 Connectors and APIs
22.1 MySQL Connector/ODBC
22.2 MySQL Connector/Net
22.3 MySQL Connector/J
22.4 MySQL Connector/C++
22.5 MySQL Connector/C
22.6 MySQL Connector/Python
22.7 libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library
22.7.1 Compiling Programs with libmysqld
22.7.2 Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server
22.7.3 Options with the Embedded Server
22.7.4 Embedded Server Examples
22.8 MySQL C API
22.8.1 MySQL C API Implementations
22.8.2 Simultaneous MySQL Server and MySQL Connector/C Installations
22.8.3 Example C API Client Programs
22.8.4 Building and Running C API Client Programs
22.8.5 C API Data Structures
22.8.6 C API Function Overview
22.8.7 C API Function Descriptions
22.8.8 C API Prepared Statements
22.8.9 C API Prepared Statement Data Structures
22.8.10 C API Prepared Statement Function Overview
22.8.11 C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions
22.8.12 C API Threaded Function Descriptions
22.8.13 C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions
22.8.14 C API Client Plugin Functions
22.8.15 Common Questions and Problems When Using the C API
22.8.16 Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior
22.8.17 C API Support for Multiple Statement Execution
22.8.18 C API Prepared Statement Problems
22.8.19 C API Prepared Statement Handling of Date and Time Values
22.8.20 C API Support for Prepared CALL Statements
22.9 MySQL PHP API
22.10 MySQL Perl API
22.11 MySQL Python API
22.12 MySQL Ruby APIs
22.12.1 The MySQL/Ruby API
22.12.2 The Ruby/MySQL API
22.13 MySQL Tcl API
22.14 MySQL Eiffel Wrapper
23 Extending MySQL
23.1 MySQL Internals
23.1.1 MySQL Threads
23.1.2 The MySQL Test Suite
23.2 The MySQL Plugin API
23.2.1 Plugin API Characteristics
23.2.2 Plugin API Components
23.2.3 Types of Plugins
23.2.4 Writing Plugins
23.2.5 MySQL Services for Plugins
23.3 Adding New Functions to MySQL
23.3.1 Features of the User-Defined Function Interface
23.3.2 Adding a New User-Defined Function
23.3.3 Adding a New Native Function
23.4 Debugging and Porting MySQL
23.4.1 Debugging a MySQL Server
23.4.2 Debugging a MySQL Client
23.4.3 The DBUG Package
24 MySQL Enterprise Edition
24.1 MySQL Enterprise Monitor
24.2 MySQL Enterprise Backup
24.3 MySQL Enterprise Security
24.4 MySQL Enterprise Audit
24.5 MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool
25 MySQL Workbench
26 MySQL for Excel
26.1 Installing and Configuring
26.2 Edit MySQL Data in Excel
26.3 Import MySQL Data into Excel
26.4 Append Excel Data into MySQL
26.5 Export Excel Data into MySQL
26.6 What Is New In MySQL for Excel
26.7 MySQL for Excel FAQ
A Licenses for Third-Party Components
A.1 Artistic License (Perl) 1.0
A.2 Boost Library License
A.3 dtoa.c License
A.4 Editline Library (libedit) License
A.5 Expect.pm License
A.6 Facebook Fast Checksum Patch License
A.7 Facebook Patches License
A.8 FindGTest.cmake License
A.9 Fred Fish's Dbug Library License
A.10 getarg License
A.11 GLib License (for MySQL Proxy)
A.12 GNU General Public License Version 2.0, June 1991
A.13 GNU General Public License Version 3.0, 29 June 2007 and GCC Runtime Library Exception Version 3.1, 31 March 2009
A.14 GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1, February 1999
A.15 GNU Readline License
A.16 GNU Standard C++ Library (libstdc++) License
A.17 Google Controlling Master Thread I/O Rate Patch License
A.18 Google Perftools (TCMalloc utility) License
A.19 Google SMP Patch License
A.20 lib_sql.cc License
A.21 Libaio License
A.22 libevent License
A.23 Libiconv License
A.24 libintl License
A.25 Linux-PAM License
A.26 LPeg Library License
A.27 Lua (liblua) License
A.28 LuaFileSystem Library License
A.29 md5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) License
A.30 MeCab License
A.31 memcached License
A.32 Memcached.pm License
A.33 mkpasswd.pl License
A.34 nt_servc (Windows NT Service class library) License
A.35 OpenPAM License
A.36 OpenSSL v1.0 License
A.37 PCRE License
A.38 Percona Multiple I/O Threads Patch License
A.39 Red HAT RPM Spec File License
A.40 RegEX-Spencer Library License
A.41 Richard A. O'Keefe String Library License
A.42 SHA-1 in C License
A.43 Unicode Data Files
A.44 zlib License
B MySQL 5.7 Frequently Asked Questions
B.1 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: General
B.2 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Storage Engines
B.3 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Server SQL Mode
B.4 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions
B.5 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Triggers
B.6 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Views
B.7 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA
B.8 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Migration
B.9 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Security
B.10 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Cluster
B.11 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets
B.12 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Connectors & APIs
B.13 MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Replication
C Errors, Error Codes, and Common Problems
C.1 Sources of Error Information
C.2 Types of Error Values
C.3 Server Error Codes and Messages
C.4 Client Error Codes and Messages
C.5 Problems and Common Errors
C.5.1 How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem
C.5.2 Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs
C.5.3 Installation-Related Issues
C.5.4 Administration-Related Issues
C.5.5 Query-Related Issues
C.5.6 Optimizer-Related Issues
C.5.7 Table Definition-Related Issues
C.5.8 Known Issues in MySQL
D MySQL Release Notes
E Restrictions and Limits
E.1 Restrictions on Stored Programs
E.2 Restrictions on Condition Handling
E.3 Restrictions on Server-Side Cursors
E.4 Restrictions on Subqueries
E.5 Restrictions on Views
E.6 Restrictions on XA Transactions
E.7 Restrictions on Character Sets
E.8 Restrictions on Performance Schema
E.9 Restrictions on Pluggable Authentication
E.10 Limits in MySQL
E.10.1 Limits of Joins
E.10.2 Limits on Number of Databases and Tables
E.10.3 Limits on Table Size
E.10.4 Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size
E.10.5 Limits Imposed by .frm File Structure
E.10.6 Windows Platform Limitations
MySQL Glossary
General Index
C Function Index
Command Index
Function Index
INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index
Join Types Index
Operator Index
Option Index
Privileges Index
SQL Modes Index
Statement/Syntax Index
System Variable Index
Status Variable Index
Transaction Isolation Level Index